Congress, CPI Move Bombay High Court Against Maharashtra Special Public Security Act; Allege Chilling Effect On Free Speech

The Indian National Congress (INC) has moved the Bombay High Court challenging the constitutional validity of the Maharashtra Special Public Security Act, 2025 arguing that it violates the fundamental guarantees enshrined in the Constitution of India including principles of reasonableness and proportionality, freedom of speech and expression, etc.

Notably, the MSPSA is being said to be a controversial enactment designed to curb activities and organisations perceived by the State Government to be threats to public order, peace, and tranquility. It was originally proposed as a measure to combat Left-Wing Extremism and 'Urban Naxals'.

The Act defines certain activities by an individual or an organisation as unlawful, which may include any action or speech that constitutes danger to public order, incites violence, disrupts communication, or encourages disobedience to established law and its institutions.

The Act also empowers the State Government to designate an organisation as unlawful for engaging in unlawful activities and to take possession of property, and forfeit property and funds of such an organisation.

The petition filed through INC, Maharashtra unit and its leaders, states that the said Act confers wide-ranging arbitrary and excessive powers upon the executive to ban and proscribe organisations without any judicial scrutiny or oversight on the basis of vague and over broad definitions of 'unlawful activity' and 'unlawful organisation' thereby having a chilling effect upon the constitutionally protected rights to freedom of speech and expression, peaceful assembly and associations or unions etc. 

"This Act violates the guarantee of due process under Article 21 by permitting the banning of an organisation without affording a prior hearing or disclosing the material forming the basis of the subjective satisfaction of the executive and by permitting unilateral extension of a notification banning an organisation without any judicial review and without any recourse to challenge an executive order before independent courts or tribunals," the plea reads. 

Further the plea states that the Act penalises and criminalises even persons who are not members of banned organisations merely based on suspicion or guilt by association, thereby criminalising beliefs and thoughts and creating penal offences in the absence of the essential ingredient of mens rea.

The plea also objections to the 'uncanalised and unrestricted' powers conferred upon the District Magistrates and the Commissioner of Police to notify and take possession of premises, attach property including moveable and immoveable property and evict persons residing therein without a hearing and without prescribing any fair, just and reasonable procedure for doing so, while also failing to prescribe any mechanism for return of forfeited property, thereby violating Article 300A of the Constitution of India. 

The petition therefore seeks a declaration that the MSPSA is unconstitutional being ultra vires to Articles 14, 19(1)(a) to 19(1)(c), 21 and 300A of the Constitution of India. It also seeks a directive to the State not to enforce the said Act or take coercive action against anyone till the present plea is heard and decided. In the interim, the plea also seeks a stay on the operation of the Act. 

The petition is likely to be listed in due course for hearing.

Case Title: Indian National Congress (Maharashtra) vs State of Maharashtra [Writ Petition (L) 20609 of 2026]