Raju: The practice has to be examined from the point of view of the impact. If the consequence of the practice is secular, affecting the non-religious aspect of a person’s life: they are not limited merely to exclusion from religious activity or practice. They include civil, economic and social consequences: the breaking up of marriages, the separation of close family members, closure of institutions, prohibition from entering burial sites, etc. This is not incidental but deliberate: the excommunication is meant to have a devastating impact on the lives of the victims.