Truth, Trust, And Technology: Legal Profession In Age Of AI Hallucinations

The advent of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to completely revolutionise the way humans interact with technology. The immense popularity of models like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Grok among various segments of the population underscores the personal and societal impact these models have on our daily lives. People from diverse backgrounds now heavily rely on these models for performing various tasks. According to OpenAI, as of mid-2025, there are...

Evolution Of Data Privacy Law In India: Understanding Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025

Evolution of the Data Privacy Law in IndiaWhile delivering the verdict in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. [2017 10 SCR 569], commonly referred to as the 'Right to Privacy' judgment, the Supreme Court of India recognised that the Right to Privacy is intrinsic to the Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. The Right to Privacy was also, held to be part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the...

Explaining First-Past-The-Post And Its Democratic Faultlines: Lessons From The Bihar Election

The 2025 Bihar Assembly election has renewed attention on India's First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system, exposing once again the gap between voter preference and legislative representation. The outcome where the party with the highest vote share finished a distant third in seats provides a striking case study of how FPTP structurally distorts the democratic mandate. Understanding these distortions requires revisiting what FPTP is, how it functions, and why its design produces outcomes that...

A Welcome Decision On Supplying Written Grounds Of Arrest But With A Tale Of Caution

The power of the state to arrest an individual and chip away his liberty is circumscribed by a procedural fortress of various constitutional and statutory prescriptions. Amongst other protections, Article 22 of the Indian Constitution (also see s. 47 BNSS/ s. CrPC) ordains that an arrested person should 'be informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest'. Further, the arrested person cannot be detained in custody by the police beyond a period of twenty-four hours without the...

Climate Literacy: Lessons From Oman's Green Schools Initiative

As the world edges closer to COP30, the urgency of embedding climate consciousness into education has never been greater. Oman's decision to align its national Green Schools Initiative with the UNESCO Green School Quality Standard under the Greening Education Partnership (GEP) marks a critical turning point in regional climate pedagogy. This initiative transcends symbolic environmentalism; it represents a profound rethinking of how climate education can be clinical, experiential, and...

Vymada Patent Revocation: A BIT Of A Problem For Novartis?

The Indian Patent Office's decision to cancel the patent for Novartis's major heart drug, Vymada, has added a new chapter to contentious relationship between multinational drug companies and India's stringent patent laws. While the immediate effect in India's stringent patent laws is not clear, but generic drug makers can now enter the market, likely causing prices to be fall by more than 70%, the situation creates a much murkier puzzle when viewed through the lens of international investment...

Areas Of Operation Of UAPA, PMLA, And NIA Act

THE RESPECTIVE AREAS OF OPERATION OF –1. THE UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1967 (“UAP ACT”)2. THE PREVENTION OF MONEY-LAUNDERING ACT, 2002 (“PMLA ACT”)3. THE NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY ACT, 2008 (“NIA ACT”)Sl. No: I N N E R T I T L E SPARA NO:T H E U A P A C T, 1 9 6 7 “Unlawful activity” Notes by the author Terrorist activities Terrorist act Section 15 reproduced Contents of the four Schedules 1111111OFFENCES AND ...

The Chair, The Flow, And The Humility Of Service

There comes a point in every judge's journey when one pauses to reflect on what it means to sit in “the chair.” This is no ordinary piece of furniture, no ordinary position. For those who have walked into courtrooms day after day, it can often feel as though the chair itself alters the very dimensions of one's being. As individuals, we may be beset by ordinary weakness, by self-doubt, by the hesitations that every human being carries. Yet, when we ascend that seat of justice, something within us...

On Pakistan's Judicial Dissent : A Lesson

Pakistan, a nation often characterized by structural weakness, an unstable economy, and repressive laws, has once again enacted a controversial constitutional change: the 27th Constitutional Amendment. This amendment fundamentally alters the balance of power among the State institutions, particularly strengthening the military's role. The ensuing dissent from the country's judiciary serves as a powerful reminder to the Indian judiciary of the importance of never yielding to external forces.The...

Mass Pushbacks In Assam – Denied Rights, Displaced Lives

The National Register of Citizens (NRC) which aimed at identifying undocumented migrants has caused havoc in the North Eastern region of India, especially in Assam, since the day of its enactment. As a concept, NRC was first floated in 1951, with Assam as the first state. The objective of NRC in Assam was to deal with the influx of illegal migrants. It is important to note that that NRC in Assam alone has excluded 19 lakh people in the final list published in 2019. The entire Assam Movement was...

When Tribunals Forget Their Limits: NCLT's Personal Summons And Boundaries Of Statutory Power

The National Company Law Tribunal, Mumbai Bench, recently passed an order in Bank of India v B.E. Billimoria & Co. Ltd. (15 October 2025) directing the Chairman of a nationalised bank to appear in person and file a personal affidavit. The summons was issued in the course of a delay condonation application, where the Tribunal described the Chairman's conduct regarding the custody and handling of money as “unsatisfactory and unbecoming”.The order cites no statutory provision empowering such a...

Uneven Implementation And Executive Discretion: Rethinking Restitution Under Section 8(8) Of PMLA

As per Section 8(8) of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (“PMLA”), the Special Court is empowered to direct the Central Government to restore property that has been confiscated under the Act to a person or claimant who has a legitimate interest in it, upon conclusion of the trial. To qualify, the claimant must demonstrate that they acted in good faith, were not involved in the money-laundering offence, took reasonable precautions, and suffered a quantifiable loss. This provision seeks...